### 1. Atomic Variables & Synchronization
#### What are atomic variables and what are they used for?
- Atomic variables are specialized variables that handle updates in a single, uninterruptible step.
  They allow multiple threads to work on the same data safely without needing to use manual locks.

#### Name at least four classes from the java.util.concurrent.atomic package that provide atomic operations for different data types, and briefly describe a typical use case for one of them.
- Four common classes from the package are: 
```
AtomicInteger (for int values)

AtomicLong (for long values)

AtomicBoolean (for boolean values)

AtomicReference (for object references)
```
For example, `AtomicInteger` is usually used for high-performance counters that need to be updated by multiple threads simultaneously.

#### Compare locks with atomic variables. Explain where each one is usually used.
- Atomic variables are usually used when we just need to update a single variable or a flag since they're faster and simpler.
  But locks are usually used when dealing with multiple dependent variables or complex logic and conditions.

---
### 2. Locks & Concurrent Design
#### Explain why a program could be completely free of race conditions but still perform poorly under high contention. Discuss at least three concurrency-related factors that may limit scalability even when correctness is guaranteed.
- Correctness doesn't always mean scalability.
1. Coarse-Grained Locking: Locking a large section of code instead of just the piece you need.
2. Lock Contention: Having too many threads fighting to grab the exact same lock at the exact same time.
3. Thread Orchestration Overhead: The Operating System using significant CPU power just to "manage" threads (switching, waking, and pausing) rather than actually running the code.

#### Explain why adding more threads does not always improve performance. Discuss what concepts like Context switching, Contention, Cache coherence, and Synchronization overhead mean.
- Having too many threads does not necessarily mean better performance.
1. Context switching: Changing from thread A to thread B requires saving and loading thread states, 
Which spends CPU power.
2. Contention: More threads mean more competition for limited resources, which leads to threads spending their time waiting for locks to release instead of processing data.
3. Cache coherence: When cores share data, they have to constantly sync their local caches. This interaction between CPU cores slows everything down.
4. Synchronization overhead: Acquiring and releasing locks require extra CPU instructions. If the code uses too many locks, the CPU spends all its time checking safety protocols instead of doing the actual work.

---
### 3. Deadlocks
#### Explain why Deadlocks often only appear in production, not during testing from a thread-scheduling perspective.
- Deadlocks are timing-dependent. They only occur when threads interleave in a very specific, rare order that often doesn’t happen under light testing loads.

#### Describe two strategies a developer can use to increase the likelihood of exposing deadlocks during testing.
- We can use some strategies, such as:
1. High-Concurrency Stress Testing: Using a large number of threads performing random operations simultaneously to trigger high-concurrency scenarios that might not happen with just 2–3 threads.
2. Injecting Artificial Timing Delays: Adding a random `Thread.sleep(10)` before acquiring and releasing locks or during other high stress moments. This forces the threads to encounter non-deterministic execution paths which makes timing-based bugs much easier to spot.
